I THE CULTURE OF NARCISSISM

Magdalena Szpunar

Introduction. Narcissistically oriented culture

Łukasz Tomczyk, Katarzyna Potyrała

The selfie phenomenon among teenagers: narcissism in the psychosocial, pedagogical and cultural discourse

Marek Jeziński, Łukasz Wojtkowski

Hipster narcissism

Piotr Jakubowski

The expositional and relational aspects of the self: digital narcissism from a wider perspective

Sławomir Iwasiów 

First-hand experience. Introduction to ASMR as a transmedia aesthetic phenomenon

II IMAGES OF THE SELF

Marek Pacukiewicz

Frailty and omnipotence of narcissism. A few reflections on anaclastics

Marta Tomczok

Water balls. Writers’ diaries in the culture of narcissism

Tomasz Łysak

„Russian Doll” and death by selfie: the thanatotic dimension in the culture of narcissism

Anna Jupowicz-Ginalska, Małgorzata Kisilowska

Self-creation of one’s own image in social media: on the relationship between the fear of missing out and narcissism

Ewelina Twardoch-Raś 

Somatic narcissism in the service of biopolitics? Data-selfie as a tool for self-presentation and self-control in bioartistic projects 

Rafał Janczarek

Himedere and ōjidere. Narcissistic archetypes in Japanese pop culture

Daria Jezierska-Geburczyk

The image of professional self and contemporary narcissism. The development of the vocational self-concept as an inspiration for a reflection on narcissistic culture and its criticism

Anna Wotlińska

‘A gentleman of virtue, in body and spirit’. Personal ads published by men in „Fortuna Versal” in 1930–1932

III REVIEWS 

Małgorzata Rygielska

Italian narcissism, or digitambulists and selfie-makers

Iwona Grodź

Romantic ‘mnemotopos’

Marek Błaszczyk

The dialectic of silence and being silent

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.01

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.02

This article focuses on the selfie phenomenon among young people, presenting it through mechanisms described by culture experts, educators and psychologists. To this end, a systematic analysis of articles and reports on youth and young adults was carried out regarding self-portrait digital photographs posted on social networks. The text starts with the presentation of the socio-cultural background and the variable most frequently discussed in the context of selfies – their narcissistic quality. It became the key to reviewing international literature pertaining to the use of the most popular social networks sites (SNS), such as Instagram and Facebook. Social platforms have provided a convenient space for narcissists, enabling them to enter into qualitatively weak interpersonal relationships that don’t require emotional investments and are temporary, but which at the same time satisfy their need for attention. The text juxtaposes the use of these websites and the time that young people spend online, the popularity of selected websites and applications, and other concomitant variables related to the publication of selfies by young people. The analysis reveals that the selfie phenomenon is associated with the style in which young people use these SNS, results from young people’s developmental characteristics/interests (e.g. building one’s social position and self-creation), raises a lot of controversy, carries certain research inaccuracies, and is related to a key competence – digital skills.

Key words: selfie, teenagers, youth, Internet usage style

Bibliografia (wybór)

Bochenek, Marcin, Rafał Lange. Nastolatki 3.0. Raport z ogólnopolskiego badania uczniów. Warszawa: NASK – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, 2019. https://akademia.nask.pl/badania/RAPORT_NASTOLATKI_3_ONLINE_.pdf.

Brosch, Anna. „Autoprezentacja nastolatków w mediach społecznych”. W: Oblicza internetu. Sieciowe dyskursy. (Roz)poznawanie cyfrowego świata, red. Marek Sokołowski. Elbląg: Wydawnictwo PWSZ, 2014.

Dębski, Maciej. Nałogowe korzystanie z telefonów komórkowych. Gdynia: Fundacja Dbam o Mój Zasięg, 2016.

Fichnová, Katarína, Łukasz P. Wojciechowski. „Selfie w medialnych digitalnych platformach – ukierunkowanie komunikacji marketingowej. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia de Cultura 10, 4 (2018).

Gliniecka, Marta. „Profil na Facebooku – awatar, wirtualna maska czy obraz siebie? O konstruowaniu tożsamości internetowej”. Zarządzanie Mediami 5, 2 (2017).

Karwowski, Maciej, Arkadiusz Brzeski. „Selfies and the (creative) self: adiary study”. Frontiers in Psychology 8 (2017).

Kęsicka, Anna, Marta Bierca. „Komu jeszcze potrzebna jest prywatność? Postrzeganie prywatności w Sieci przez warszawskich licealistów”. Kultura Popularna 41, 3 (2014).

Leung, Louis. „Generational differences in content generation in social media. The roles of the gratifications sought and of narcissism”. Computers in Human Behavior 29, 3 (2013).

McCain, Jessica L., Zachary G. Borg, Ariel H. Rothenberg, Kristina M. Churillo, Paul Weiler, W. Keith Campbell. „Personality and selfies. Narcissism and the Dark Triad”. Computers in Human Behavior 64 (2016).

Murray, Derek C. „Notes to self: the visual culture of selfies in the age of social media”. Consumption Markets & Culture 18, 6 (2015).

Park, So R., Fiona F.H. Nah, David DeWester, Brenda Eschenbrenner, Sunran Jeon. „Virtual world affordances: enhancing brand value”. Journal of Virtual Worlds Research 1, 2 (2008).

Pyżalski, Jacek, Aldona Zdrodowska, Łukasz Tomczyk, Katarzyna Abramczuk. Polskie badanie EU Kids Online 2018. Najważniejsze wyniki i wnioski. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2019.

Rack, Stefanie, Fabian Sauer. Selfie, seksting i autoprezentacja w internecie. Tłum. Diana Jankowiak. Warszawa: Fundacja Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę, NASK – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Polskie Centrum Programu Safer Internet, 2018.

Sorokowski, Piotr, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Tomasz Frackowiak, Anna Huk, Katarzyna Pisanski. „Selfie posting behaviors are associated with narcissism among men”. Personality and Individual Differences 85 (2015).

Szpunar, Magdalena. Kultura cyfrowego narcyzmu. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH, 2016.

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.03

This article discusses the topic of narcissism on hipster visual blogs where the identity constructed by their authors has a narcissistic dimension defined primarily by the medium they use: photos, texts, short videos and sounds, whereby the former prevail. People who publish such blogs have created a specific code and manner in which they present their real identity by means of visual representations which they borrow from other members of this post-subculture. It is a result of a tendency to disguise oneself by using certain methods of self-presentation. They include self-defining photos of modern hipsters, which however are out of focus or accordingly filtered, show selected cultural practices from a distance or only parts of the body and clothing, a set of gadgets and environments recognised as hipster. As such they reveal conformist inclinations that are in line with the reference group and what is expected from it. This means that cultural practices that create the identity of a digital hipster are associated with generating a symbolic universe of meanings, where nostalgia, symbolism, iconography of selected elements of life are among frequently posted motives (cups of coffee, a bicycle, a collection of vinyl records, hipster clothes, specific urban spaces, nature, etc.). This kind of narcissism is about looking at one’s own reflection; however, not so much in the mirror as in symbolic visual representations characteristic of the entire digital hipster culture. Using netnography and based on their content analysis of 48 blogs, the authors argue that the development of one’s hipster narcissistic identity is part of a media practice that revolves around building the ‘self’ by referring to cultural codes shared by members of the hipster post-subculture (‘I’ and ‘us’). As a result, the hipster narcissism studied here seems to take the form and cultural identity of bricolage, and as such is subject to commodification.

Key words: narcissism, hipster, commodification, post-subculture, visuality

Bibliografia

Couldry, Nick. Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. Cambridge: Polity, 2012.

Ehrlich, Brenna, Andrea Bartz. Stuff Hipsters Hate: A Field Guide to the Passionate Opinions of the Indifferent. Berkeley: Ulysses Press, 2010.

Florida, Richard. The Rise of the Creative Class. New York: Basic Books, 2002.

Grief, Mark, Kathleen Ross, Dayna Tortorici, red., What Was the Hipster? A Sociological Investigation. New York: nb+1 Foundation, 2010.

Hebdige, Dick. Subculture. The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge, 1979.

Jeziński, Marek, Łukasz Wojtkowski. „Hipsterzy jako post-wspólnota cyfrowa. Uwagi o post-subkulturowym internetowym folklorze”. Przegląd Kulturoznawczy 32, 2 (2017).

Jeziński, Marek, Łukasz Wojtkowski. „Nostalgia Commodified. Towards the marketization of the post-communist past through the new media”. Medien & Zeit 4 (2016).

Kemper, Theodore D. „Reference groups, socialization and achievement”. American Sociological Review 33, 1 (1968).

Kinzey, Jake. The Sacred and the Profane: An Investigation of Hipsters. Winchester: Zero Books, 2012.

Leach, Edmund. Kultura i komunikowanie. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2010.

Mead, George H. Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934.

Merton, Robert K. „Continuities in the theory of reference groups and social structure”. W: Social Theory and Social Structure, red. Robert K. Merton. Glencoe: Free Press, 1957.

Moore, Tim, Debbie Noble-Carr, Morag McArthur. „Changing things for the better: the use of children and young people’s reference groups in social research”. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 19, 2 (2016).

Muggleton, David. Wewnątrz subkultury. Ponowoczesne znaczenie stylu. Tłum. Agata Sadza. Kraków: Wydawnictwo UJ, 2004.

Schiermer, Bjørn. „Late-modern hipsters: new tendencies in popular culture”. Acta Sociologica 57, 2 (2014).

Szpunar, Magdalena. Kultura cyfrowego narcyzmu. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH, 2016.

Whelan, Christopher T., Bertrand Maître. „The ‘Europeanisation’ of reference groups”. European Societies 11, 2 (2009).

Willis, Paul E. Profane Culture. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1978.

Wojtkowski, Łukasz. „Medialne re-konstrukcje kultur popularnych online. Hipsterstwo”. Współczesne media: medialny obraz świata. Lublin, 10–11 kwietnia 2014.

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.04

In the presented essay the diagnosis of narcissism as a socio-cultural ‘disease’ is discussed in a wider anthropological context of expositional and relational aspects of personal identity, based on selected narrative-oriented theories of the subject. According to them, the process of finding or creating the genuine self depends on how one presents oneself (the expositional aspect) to others (relational aspects). It creates a ground on which contemporary forms of ‘digital narcissism’ can develop. The article shows how these aspects have already reached their deviated form in ‘celebrity culture’ (analysed in the classic work by Christopher Lash), only to be brought to their extreme in the era dominated by interactive social media. Researchers seem to overemphasise the scope of this phenomenon and the risk it entails, as they don’t take into account more ‘passive’ usages of social media. The asymmetry between the ‘stage’ and the ‘audience’ – those who show themselves and their lives on the screens, and those who observe it – is still maintained, even if access to the ‘stage’ seems to be easier than in any epoch before. It is an assumption that supports a purely theoretical concern that eventually no one will be left to continue watching (a fear of an empty ‘audience’ discussed for example by Andrew Keen in The Cult of the Amateur). After all, a path to digital fame – the dream of every coeval ‘narcissist’ – is not as simple as it is often assumed. Even if, theoretically, available to everyone, only a few will be able to use this opportunity in its entirety. Most users will ultimately give up after their multiple tries to attract other people’s attention and accept their role as viewers prove ineffective. Another problem that derives from the ‘celebrity culture’ is that one can put oneself out there, on the public ‘stage’, not only through extraordinary achievements, talents, self-determination and hard work, as it supposedly was in the past, but also through an excessive, grossly offensive or outstandingly distasteful behaviour. As Umberto Eco put it, reputation has been replaced by publicity (in some cases no matter the cost). Nevertheless, there are still definitely more ‘admirers’ than ‘idols’ – more followers than the ones that are followed.

Key words: social media, fame, looking-glass self, digital narcissism

Bibliografia

Cavarero, Adriana. „Opowiedz mi moją historię”. Tłum. Agnieszka Klimczak. Pamiętnik Literacki 95, 3 (2004).

Eco, Umberto. Pape Satàn aleppe. Kroniki płynnego społeczeństwa. Tłum. Alicja Bruś. Poznań: Rebis, 2017.

Filiciak, Mirosław. „Inny wymiar otwartości. Internetowa reprodukcja i redystrybucja treści kulturowych”. Przegląd Kulturoznawczy 1, 9 (2011).

Keen, Andrew. Kult amatora. Jak internet niszczy kulturę. Tłum. Małgorzata Bernatowicz, Katarzyna Topolska-Ghariani. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne, 2007.

Lasch, Christopher. Kultura narcyzmu. Amerykańskie życie w czasach malejących oczekiwań. Tłum. Grzegorz Ptaszek, Aleksander Skrzypek. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie „Sedno”, 2015.

Majorek, Marta. Kod YouTube. Od kultury partycypacji do kultury kreatywności. Kraków: Universitas, 2015.

Melosik, Zbyszko. „Facebook i społeczne konstrukcje narcyzmu (o tożsamości zamkniętej w celi wizerunku)”. Studia Edukacyjne 26 (2013).

Pietrowicz, Krzysztof. „Ciemna materia i ciemna energia Sieci. Nadzór, konsumpcja, bierność”. Kultura Współczesna 85, 1 (2015).

Szpunar, Magdalena. Kultura cyfrowego narcyzmu. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH, 2016.

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.05

This article discusses autonomous sensory meridian response, or ASMR, a sensation of ‘pleasant tingling’ or ‘brain tingles’ experienced by people watching videos prepared especially for this purpose and posted primarily on YouTube. With the interest in this phenomenon constantly on the rise, ASMR is nowadays becoming something more than merely a marginal community of online enthusiasts. On the one hand, ASMR is a bottom-up phenomenon. As a social media product it has spread through YouTube, which makes it more difficult to analyse and collect all ASMR videos available online. Therefore, this text focuses on the works of one specific ASMR artist. Known as Ephemeral Rift, he has been among the first ASMR content creators in the Internet. On the other hand, ASMR is a novelty and thus still an interesting issue for scientists who work at the intersection of sciences, such as biology, neurocognitive science, psychology, media studies and cultural studies. What is ASMR? What research is currently available regarding this phenomenon that until recently has been difficult to define? Will ASMR enter the realm of transmedia genres and forms of expression for good? The author tries to answer these questions, bearing in mind that this is still a fresh concept where the ‘old’ meets the ‘brand new’ in the media and therefore requires further research.

Key words: ASMR, transmediality, convergence, virtual reality, social media

Bibliografia

Baer, Ruth A. „Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention. A conceptual and empirical review”. Clinical Psychology. Science and Practice 10, 2 (2003).

Barratt, Emma L., Nick J. Davis. „Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR). A flow-like mental state”, PeerJ 3, e8512 (2015).

Fredborg, Beverley K., Jim M. Clark, Stephen D. Smith. „An examination of personality traits associated with Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR)”. Frontiers in Psychology 8, 247 (2017).

Jenkins, Henry. Kultura konwergencji. Zderzenie starych i nowych mediów. Tłum. Małgorzata Bernatowicz, Mirosław Filiciak. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne, 2007.

Kovacevich, Alexsandra, David Huron. „Two studies of Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR). The relationship between ASMR and music-induced frisson”. Empirical Musicological Review 13, 1–2 (2018).

Poerio, Giulia L., Emma Blakey, Thomas J. Hostler, Theresa Veltri. „More than a feeling. Autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) is characterized by reliable changes in affect and physiology”. PLoS ONE 13, 6 (2018).

Smith, Naomi, Anne-Marie Snider. „ASMR, affect and digitally-mediated intimacy”. Emotion, Space and Society 30 (2019).

Szpunar, Magdalena. Kultura cyfrowego narcyzmu. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH, 2016.

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.06

In modern humanities Narcissus, or a narcissist, has become an all-encompassing term that is to warn us against the idle knowledge of oneself and isolation of the individual. Derived from psychology, sociology and poststructuralism, this diagnosis has provided the basis for a common criticism of the Similar and repetition of the Same, while paradoxically favouring the articulation of the source of endless chains of mimetic reflections and behavioural patterns: the original and unique Narcissus elevated to the status of an individual perfectly abstracted from the cultural context. Doesn’t therefore the myth of Narcissus warn against itself? Isn’t the self-reflective antinarcissism of modern humanities becoming what it seeks to criticise? This discourse may undermine the importance of deep mechanisms of culture whose message and preservation rely primarily on repetition and regularity. The article offers an overview of selected proposals that criticise various types of cultural narcissism. It outlines the structure of this phenomenon, taking into account the research proposals of Claude Lévi-Strauss. Analysing narcissism as a modern form of mediation between the subject and the world, the authors try to determine what tools a contemporary narcissist uses to see his or her reflection, what dangerous ontological boundaries are crossed in the process, and consequently, which reflection eventually becomes a reality that he or she presents to others. While the ‘culture of narcissism’ – in psychosocial terms – places the individual at the centre, cultural narcissism seems to consider a community as a reservoir of codes and therefore the primary content.

Key words: narcissism, myth, anaclastics, structural anthropology, mirror

Bibliografia

Descartes, René. Prawidła kierowania umysłem. Tłum. Ludwik Chmaj. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1958.

Foucault, Michel. Słowa i rzeczy. Archeologia nauk humanistycznych. T. II. Tłum. Tadeusz Komendant. Gdańsk: Słowo/obraz, terytoria, 2005.

Gide, André. Traktat o Narcyzie (teoria symbolu). W: André Gide. Immoralista i inne utwory. Tłum. Izabella Rogozińska. Warszawa: Czytelnik, 1984.

Herbert, Zbigniew. Król mrówek. Kraków: a5, 2008.

Kartezjusz. Dioptryka. Tłum. i komentarz Piotr Błaszczyk, Kazimierz Mrówka. Kraków: Universitas, 2018.

Kosowska, Ewa, Eugeniusz Jaworski. „Globalizacja a «narcyzm» małych różnic”. Śląsk 9 (2001).

Lasch, Christopher. Kultura narcyzmu. Amerykańskie życie w czasach malejących oczekiwań. Tłum. Grzegorz Ptaszek, Aleksander Skrzypek. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie „Sedno”, 2015.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Antropologia strukturalna. Tłum. Krzysztof Pomian. Warszawa: KR, 2000.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Myśl nieoswojona. Tłum. Andrzej Zajączkowski. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Surowe i gotowane. Tłum. Maciej Falski. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo „Aletheia”, 2010.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Wariacje na temat obrazu Poussina. W: Claude Lévi-Strauss. Wszyscy jesteśmy kanibalami. Tłum. Katarzyna Thiel-Jańczuk. Kraków: Wydawnictwo UJ, 2015.

Pisarek, Adam. Claude Lévi-Strauss – szaman między światami. W: Claude Lévi-Strauss: struktura i nieoswojone, red. Anna Grzegorczyk, Agnieszka Kaczmarek, Katarzyna Machtyl. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2019.

Stołowicz, Leonid. „Zwierciadło jako model semiotyczny, epistemologiczny i aksjologiczny”. Tłum. Bogusław Żyłko. Polska Sztuka Ludowa. Konteksty 3–4, 52 (1998).

Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo. Cannibal Metaphysics. Tłum. Peter Skafish. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.07

This article discusses a relatively new phenomenon in literature: a writer’s diary published in his or her lifetime, presenting it is an important manifestation of the culture of narcissism. Referring to the works of Christopher Lasch, Magdalena Szpunar, Carl Cederström and André Spicer, the author focuses on one of its variants – a diary written ‘for show’. Analysing excerpts from Rozmemuary by Wojciech Kuczok, Wieloryby i ćmy by Szczepan Twardoch and Rzeczy utracone by Łukasz Orbitowski, she observes that the narcissism of these productions has a lot in common with the phenomenon of information bubble, or so-called water ball, perceived here as a metaphor for a culture that carries a number of negative properties, such as an illusion of easy communication while the reader-author relationship is disrupted, self-promotion of the author as a public figure instead of focusing on ethical, ideological, social or political observations, etc. Tempted by the promise of resolving common problems, the audience ends up following the pastime of the writer who lives in his or her own bubble (‘water ball’) filled with – rather vain – desires. The article points out some narcissistic gestures of the authors of diaries written ‘for show’, offering a literary criticism of this newly emerged cultural phenomenon – as of yet not fully studied by critics of fiction.

Key words: culture of narcissism, diaries written ‘for show’, water ball, ‘blogaski w okładkach’ [littleblogs in covers], information bubble

Bibliografia

Bauer, Zbigniew. Dziennikarstwo wobec nowych mediów. Historia – teoria – praktyka. Kraków: Universitas, 2009.

Cederström, Carl, André Spicer. Pętla dobrego samopoczucia. Tłum. Łukasz Żurek. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2015.

Czermińska, Małgorzata. Autobiograficzny trójkąt. Świadectwo, wyznanie i wyzwanie. Kraków: Universitas, 2000.

Dehnel, Jacek. Dziennik roku chrystusowego. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo W.A.B., 2015.

Kuczok, Wojciech. Rozmemuary. Warszawa: Wielka Litera, 2019.

Lacan, Jacques. „Dwa narcyzmy”. W: Jacques Lacan. Seminarium I. Pisma techniczne Freuda. Tłum. Jacek Waga. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2017.

Lasch, Christopher. Kultura narcyzmu. Amerykańskie życie w czasach malejących oczekiwań. Tłum. Grzegorz Ptaszek, Aleksander Skrzypek. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie „Sedno”, 2015.

Lejeune, Philippe. „Drogi zeszycie…”, „drogi ekranie…”. O dziennikach osobistych. Tłum. Agnieszka Karpowicz, Magda Rodak, Paweł Rodak. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa UW, 2010.

Lowen, Alexander. Narcyzm. Zaprzeczenie prawdziwemu „ja”. Tłum. Beata Piecychna. Koszalin: Ośrodek Bioenergetycznej Pracy z Ciałem, Pomocy i Edukacji Psychologicznej, 2013.

Orbitowski, Łukasz. Rzeczy utracone. Notatki człowieka posttowarzyskiego. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo „Zwierciadło”, 2017.

Sennett, Richard. Upadek człowieka publicznego. Tłum. Hanna Jankowska. Warszawa: Muza, 2009.

Szpunar, Magdalena. „Koncepcja bańki filtrującej a hipernarcyzm nowych mediów”. Zeszyty Prasoznawcze 61, 2 (2018).

Szpunar, Magdalena. Kultura cyfrowego narcyzmu. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH, 2016.

Szpunar, Magdalena. „Wewnętrzny imperatyw pisania. Społeczne znaczenie i funkcje blogów”. W: Wychowanie i kształcenie w erze cyfrowej, red. Piotr Plichta, Jacek Pyżalski. Łódź: Regionalne Centrum Polityki Społecznej, 2013.

Twardoch, Szczepan. Wieloryby i ćmy. Dzienniki 2007–2015. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2015.

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.08

Critical analysis of the selfie culture uses psychoanalytical theories of narcissism and constitution of the subject. In contemporary culture the latter is put in the spotlight by means of technology that enables self-expression. The genealogy of the discourse on narcissism reveals a conservative involvement of American critics of extreme individualism which is attributed to representatives of minority groups that have gained visibility through the policy of emancipation. In current studies emphasis is put on the positive impact of the excluded, who take control of their own image, and on the constitutive role of images in creating one’s identity. This article analyses selfies taken just before the death of the photographed person and the series Russian Doll. By confronting these productions with one’s own image, the author reveals a space for a reflection on the visual self-expression and mortality of the subject. Technical tools (a screen and a mirror) create new types of identity and provide the opportunity to express them. Condemning individuals for using these tools tends to obscure deeper, both cultural and economic, reasons for people’s participation in the culture of self-expression.

Key words: narcissism, fatal selfie, technologies of self-expression, Russian Doll

Bibliografia

Du Preez, Amanda. „Sublime selfies: to witness death”. European Journal of Cultural Studies 21, 6 (2018).

Eichhorn, Kate. The End of Forgetting: Growing up with Social Media. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019.

Giroux, Henry A. „Selfie culture in the age of corporate and state surveillance”. Third Text 29, 3 (2015).

Goldberg, Greg. „Through the looking glass: the queer narcissism of selfies”. Social Media + Society 3, 1 (2017).

Gunn, Jenny. „The ‘I’ in object: selfie culture and object-oriented philosophy”. Cinephile 12, 1 (2018).

Hodalska, Magdalena. „Selfies at horror sites: dark tourism, ghoulish souvenirs and digital narcissism”. Zeszyty Prasoznawcze 60, 2 (2017).

Ibrahim, Yasmin. „Self-representation and the disaster event: self-imaging, morality and immortality”. Journal of Media Practice 16, 3 (2015).

Lynch, Richard A. „The alienating mirror: toward a Hegelian critique of Lacan on ego-formation”. Human Studies 31, 2 (2008).

Maddox, Jessica. „‘Guns don’t kill people… selfies do’: rethinking narcissism as exhibitionism in selfie-related deaths”. Critical Studies in Media Communication 34, 3 (2017).

Maddox, Jessica L. „Fear and selfie-loathing in America: identifying the interstices of othering, iconoclasm, and the selfie”. The Journal of Popular Culture 51, 1 (2018).

Manovich, Lev, Alise Tifentale. „Selfiecity: exploring photography and self-fashioning in social media”. W: Postdigital Aesthetics: Art, Computation and Design, red. David M. Berry, Michael Dieter. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

Peters, Meg. „‘Realistically queer’: queer connection and interdependence in Russian Doll”. Gender Forum 72 (2019).

Senft, Theresa M., Nancy K. Baym. „What does the selfie say? Investigating a global phenomenon”. International Journal of Communication 9 (2015).

Soler, Colette. „A new economy of narcissism”. Analysis 22 (2019).

Tyler, Imogen. „From ‘The Me Decade’ to ‘The Me Millennium’: the cultural history of narcissism”. International Journal of Cultural Studies 10, 3 (2007).

Van Zoonen, Liesbet. „I-pistemology: changing truth claims in popular and political culture”. European Journal of Communication 27, 1 (2012).

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.09

This article tries to explore whether people with high levels of FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out) exhibit narcissistic behavioural patterns when using social media. Selected activities are analysed, in particular those related to the self-creation of one’s own image. The analysis includes the results of nationwide representative studies on FOMO among Polish Internet users aged 15 or older (data as of 2018). People with FOMO exhibit behaviours typical of digital narcissism more intensively compared to general population. This applies both to standard activities (such as writing posts, likes, sharing, tagging, commenting and reviewing) and self-awareness in creating one’s image online. People with FOMO confirm the aforementioned observations as true more frequently, even when they are asked about less comfortable topics, such as lying. Those with high levels of FOMO more often exhibit narcissistic behaviours online, focusing more on activities aimed at creating and promoting their digital image. The text makes a tentative assumption that intentional self-creation in social media – a strict selection of the content that is to be shared – is associated with a strong need for approval, a sense of belonging and self-esteem, i.e. desires that constitute the common denominator for grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. For this reason, it is worth considering whether narcissism, particularly digital narcissism, and FOMO are connected with the culture of anxiety characteristic of modern times.

Key words: FOMO, fear of disconnection, image creation, social media, digital narcissism, Internet users

Bibliografia

Blumer, Tim, Hugh Leonard, Jose M. Lara-Ruiz, Nicola Döring. „Narcissism and related need satisfaction among German social network users”. Journal of Business and Media Psychology 8, 1 (2017).

Błachnio, Agata, Aneta Przepiórka. „Facebook intrusion, fear of missing out, narcissism, and life satisfaction: across-sectional study”. Psychiatry Research 259 (2018).

Buffardi, Laura E., W. Keith Campbell. „Narcissism and social networking web sites”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, 10 (2008).

Gnambs, Timo, Markus Appel. „Narcissism and social networking behavior: a meta-analysis”. Journal of Personality 86, 2 (2018).

Jabeen, Fakhra, Charlotte Gerritsen, Jan Treur. „‘I ain’t like you’. A complex network model of digital narcissism”. W: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Complex Networks and their Applications, Complexnetworks’19. Cham: Springer, 2019.

Jabłońska, Marta R., Radosław Zajdel. „Narcissism as a determinant of deviant online behaviours among digital natives”. Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie 19, 5 (2018).

Jupowicz-Ginalska, Anna, Justyna Jasiewicz, Małgorzata Kisilowska, Tomasz Baran, Aleksander Wysocki. FOMO. Polacy a lęk przed odłączeniem. Warszawa: WDIB UW, 2018.

Jupowicz-Ginalska, Anna, Małgorzata Kisilowska, Justyna Jasiewicz, Tomasz Baran, Aleksander Wysocki. FOMO. Polacy a lęk przed odłączeniem. Warszawa: WDIB UW, 2019.

Lowen, Alexander. Narcissism: denial of a true self. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004.

Mehdizadeh, Soraya. „Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook”. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 13, 4 (2010).

Niedzielska, Anna. „Narzędzia marketingu rekomendacji w ujęciu teoretycznym i praktycznym”. Handel Wewnętrzny 361, 2 (2016).

Przybylski, Andrew K., Kou Murayama, Cody R. DeHaan, Valerie Gladwell. „Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out”. Computers in Human Behavior 29, 4 (2013).

Sorokowski, Piotr, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Tomasz Frackowiak, Anna Huk, Katarzyna Pisanski. „Selfie posting behaviors are associated with narcissism among men”. Personality and Individual Differences 85 (2015).

Szpunar, Magdalena. Kultura cyfrowego narcyzmu. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH, 2016.

Szpunar, Magdalena. „Kultura lęku (nie tylko) technologicznego”. Kultura Współczesna 101, 2 (2018).

Wojciszke, Bogdan. Psychologia społeczna. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Scholar”, 2013.

Żołądkowski, Michał. Marketing rekomendacji – dlaczego mówimy o markach? Marketerplus.pl. 3 grudnia 2013. https://marketerplus.pl/teksty/artykuly/marketing-rekomendacji-dlaczego-mowimy-o-markach/.

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.10

The aim of the article is to present and analyse the phenomenon described by the author as ‘somatic narcissism’. It is a category that refers to self-tracking, i.e. techniques and strategies of self-parameterisation which aim to control, optimise and extend bodily and self-cognitive functions. As a form of self-expression and self-presentation, they are a new manifestation of narcissistic inclinations closely related to biopolitical mechanisms. The category of ‘somatic narcissism’ has been derived from the concept of Richard Shusterman’s somaesthetics and Nikolas Rose’s ethopolitics, revealing a reservoir of biopolitical normative tendencies that are aimed at the (self-)formation of the individual. Theoretical findings are discussed along with an analysis of artistic projects that illustrate the two poles of the described tendencies. The first one includes productions by Laurie Frick and Jacek Smolicki, which in an enthusiastic manner show new self-presentation options based on self-tracking and identity formation processes. The second is represented by Zach Blas whose work offers a critical assessment of the use of biometric tools for the purposes of self-creation. Juxtaposing them, the article shows different artistic approaches to the phenomenon of ‘somatic narcissism’.

Key words: narcissism, biopolitics, ethopolitics, self-tracking, soma, biodata

Bibliografia

Behrendt, Ralf-Peter. Narcissism and the Self. Dynamics of Self-Preservation in Social Interaction, Personality Structure, Subjective Experience, and Psychopathology. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2015.

Casper, Monica. „Reframing and grounding nonhuman agency. What makes a fetus an agent?”. American Behavioral Scientist 37, 6 (1994).

Gaitanidis, Anastasios, Polona Curk, red., Narcissism. A Critical Reader. London: Karnac Books, 2007.

Grygiel, Błażej. „Sharenting, gdy rodzic bezrefleksyjnie «udostępnia» swoje życie w sieci”. Focus. 10 lipca 2019. https://www.focus.pl/artykul/to-ze-ciagle-piszesz-o-swoich-dzieciach-w-sieci-to-problem-przede-wszystkim-dla-nich.

Jonas, Steven. „Jacek Smolicki: self-tracking as artistic practice”. Quantified Self. 11 lutego 2016. https://quantifiedself.com/blog/jacek-smolicki-self-tracking-artistic-practice/.

Kohut, Heinz. The Restoration of the Self. New York: International Universities Press, 1977.

Maccoby, Michael. The Productive Narcissist. The Promise and Peril of Visionary Leadership. New York: Broadway Books, 2003.

Mawdsley, Rob. „Narcissism, individuation and old age”. W: Narcissism. A Critical Reader, red. Anastasios Gaitanidis, Polona Curk. London: Karnac Books, 2007.

Nafus, Dawn. „Introduction”. W: Quantified. Biosensing Technologies in Everyday Life, red. Dawn Nafus. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2016.

Neff, Gina, Dawn Nafus. Self-Tracking. London: The MIT Press, 2016.

Pincus, Aaron L., Mark R. Lukowitsky. „Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder”. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 6, 1 (2009).

Pinksy, Drew, S. Mark Young. The Mirror Effect. How Celebrity Narcissism Is Seducing America. New York: Harper, 2017.

Ranisch, Robert, Stefan L. Sorgner, red., Post- and Transhumanism: An Introduction. Frankfurt: Peterlang, 2014.

Rattani, Ajita, Reza Derakhshani, Arun Ross, red., Selfie Biometrics. Advances and Challenges. Cham: Springer Nature, 2019.

Rose, Nikolas. „Polityka życia samego”. Tłum. Agnieszka Kowalczyk, Maciej Szlinder. Praktyka Teoretyczna 2–3 (2011).

Rose, Nikolas. The Politics of Life Itself. Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.

Shusterman, Richard. Świadomość ciała. Dociekania z zakresu somaestetyki. Tłum. Wojciech Małecki, Sebastian Stankiewicz. Kraków: Universitas, 2008.

Swan, Melanie. „The quantified self. Fundamental disruption in big data science and biological discovery”. Big Data 1, 2 (2013).

Szpunar, Magdalena. Kultura cyfrowego narcyzmu. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH, 2016.

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.11

This article presents himedere and ōjidere, two narcissistic archetypes in Japanese popular culture. Japanese culture is perceived in different ways in Poland, with most of its images based on traditional or popular culture. When analysing narcissism through the prism of Japanese culture, one tends to think of collective narcissism rather than individualistic narcissism that is characteristic of European cultures. Himedere and ōjidere may seemingly be presented as the embodiment of collective narcissism in Japanese culture. However, such belief is incorrect. The  article reconstructs these patterns based on the following anime series: Granbelm by Nexus and Wolf Girl and Black Prince (Ōkami shōjo to kuro ōji) by TYO Animations. As the analysis and interpretations unfold, the himedere and ōjidere types are defined along with the specific type of narcissism that they seem to stand for. In the discussion ‘creative reproduction’ is identified as a key category. It is used to explain how Japanese pop culture can express problems and uncertainties of modern society, and propose appropriate ways to deal with them. The text also brings up Nihonjinron, the discourse on ‘Japeneseness’, reflecting upon the relationship between the concept of uniqueness and that of narcissism.

Key words: himedere, ōjidere, narcissism, Granbelm, Ōkami shōjo to kuro ōji

Bibliografia (wybór)

Adler, Alex. The World of Kanji. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.

Befu, Harumi. Hegemony of Homogeneity. An Anthropological Analysis of „Nihonjinron”. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2001.

Befu, Harumi. „The social and cultural background of child development in Japan and the United States”. W: Child Development and Education in Japan, red. Harold Stevenson, Hiroshi Azuma, Kenji Hakuta. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co., 1986.

Golec de Zavala, Agnieszka, Aleksandra Cichocka, Michał Bilewicz. „The paradox of in-group love: differentiating collective narcissism advances understanding of the relationship between in-group and out-group attitudes”. Journal of Personality 81, 1 (2012).

Iwabuchi, Koichi. Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.

Iwabuchi, Koichi. „«Soft» nationalism and narcissism: Japanese popular culture goes global”. Asian Studies Review 26, 4 (2002).

Kordzińska-Nawrocka, Iwona. „Japońska kultura popularna”. W: Kultury świata w dialogu, red. Anna Czajka-Cunico. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo UKSW, 2012.

Kordzińska-Nawrocka, Iwona. „Kultura Japonii i jej cechy charakterystyczne”. W: Kultury świata w dialogu, red. Anna Czajka-Cunico. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo UKSW, 2012.

Kordzińska-Nawrocka, Iwona. „Nihonjinron, czyli dyskurs nad tożsamością narodową we współczesnej Japonii”. W: Orient w poszukiwaniu tożsamości: materiały II Ogólnopolskiej Konferencji Orientalistycznej. 20–21 października 2014. Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy „Elipsa”, 2015.

Lowen, Alexander. Narcyzm. Zaprzeczenie prawdziwemu Ja. Tłum. Beata Piecychna. Koszalin: Ośrodek Bioenergetycznej Pracy z Ciałem, Pomocy i Edukacji Psychologicznej Joanna Olchowik, 2013.

Przestalski, Andrzej. „Naród i charakter narodowy w teorii Otto Bauera”. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 43, 2 (1981).

Röhr, Heinz-Peter. Narcyzm – zaklęte „ja”. Tłum. Barbara Grunwald-Hajdasz. Poznań: Wydawnictwo „W drodze”, 2007.

Szpunar, Magdalena. „Od narcyzmu jednostki do kultury narcyzmu”. Kultura – Media – Teologia 18 (2014).

Warren, Muriel P., Attilio Capponi. „The role of culture in the development narcissistic personality disorders in American, Japan and Denmark. Journal of Applied Social Sciences 20, 1 (1996).

Wężowicz-Ziółkowska, Dobrosława, Emilia Wieczorkowska, red., „Marcel Mauss”. Laboratorium Kultury 5 (2016).

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.12

Narcissism understood as a trait may be recognised either as a disorder or a symptom of health. Approached through this prism, the culture of narcissism doesn’t only carry risks but also opportunities for the evolving construction of the self. In the article they are discussed on the example of the vocational self-concept and contemporary cultural practices used in the work on the professional self. The  latter may include: image building – an example of a threat, reinforcement of the negative form of narcissism; and personal branding – an example of the potential, a pretext to strengthen the healthy form of narcissism. However, the development of the vocational self-concept discussed in the article indicates yet another possible direction of research: people’s increased awareness in constructing their professional self. It is a result of self-conceptualising, a process which distinguishes two components within the self: ‘I’ and ‘me’. Can narcissistic attitudes produce similar results? The proposed analogy, examples and claims about reflectiveness raise questions about the current state of the culture of narcissism and its criticism.

Key words: self, vocational self-concept, narcissism, healthy narcissism, reflectiveness, personal branding

Bibliografia

Amernic, Joel H., Russell J. Craig. „Accounting as a facilitator of extreme narcissism”. Journal of Business Ethics 96, 1 (2010).

Bajcar, Beata, Anna Borkowska, Agnieszka Czerw, Agata Gąsiorowska, Czesław S. Nosal. Psychologia preferencji i zainteresowań zawodowych. Przegląd teorii i metod. Warszawa: Ministerstwo Pracy i Polityki Społecznej, 2006.

Hermans, Hubert J.M. „Voicing the self. From information processing to dialogical interchange”. Psychological Bulletin 119, 1 (1996).

Korulczyk, Tomasz, Marcin Korulczyk. „Narcystyczne cechy osobowości a inteligencja płynna”. Studia z Psychologii w KUL 18 (2012).

Lair, Daniel J., Katie Sullivan, George Cheney. „Marketization and the recating of the professional self. The rhetoric and ethics of personal branding”. Management Communication Quarterly 18, 3 (2005).

Lasch, Christopher. Kultura narcyzmu. Tłum. Grzegorz Ptaszek, Aleksander Skrzypek. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie „Sedno”, 2019.

Napiórkowski, Marcin. Kod kapitalizmu. Jak Gwiezdne wojny, Coca-Cola i Leo Messi kierują twoim życiem. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, 2019.

Obuchowski, Kazimierz. Człowiek intencjonalny. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1993.

Olchanowski, Tomasz, Jacek Sieradzan. „Wprowadzenie do problematyki narcyzmu. Od klasycznych koncepcji narcyzmu do narcyzmu kultury zachodniej”. W: Narcyzm, red. Jacek Sieradzan. Białystok: Wydawnictwo UwB, 2011.

Rogoza, Radosław, Marta Rogoza, Patrycja Wyszyńska. „Polska adaptacja modelu narcystycznego podziwu i rywalizacji”. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne 21, 3 (2016).

Röhr, Heinz-Peter. Narcyzm – zaklęte „ja”. Tłum. Barbara Grunwald-Hajdasz. Poznań: Wydawnictwo „W drodze”, 2007.

Savickas, Mark L. „The self in vocational psychology: object, subject, and project”. 8th Biennial Meeting of the Society for Vocational Psychology. Akron, May 30 – June 1, 2017.

Szpunar, Magdalena. „Od narcyzmu jednostki do kultury narcyzmu”. Kultura – Media – Teologia 18 (2014).

Vallas, Steven P., Angèle Christin. „Work and identity in an era of precarious employment. How workers respond to «personal branding» discourse”. Work and Occupations 45, 1 (2018).

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.13

The author analyses personal ads, including offers of marriage, published in Fortuna Versal during the Great Depression. The magazine proves to be a particular source of knowledge about average people whose everyday life changed dramatically in that period and who sometimes made desperate attempts to improve their situation. Not much is known about Fortuna Versal itself. According to its editorial note, it was published in Poland, the United States and France, and was distributed by bookshops, newsstands, etc. It published personal ads of both men and women. This article focuses on the former who, as it turns out, were often interested in finding not so much love but a solution to their economic and housing problems. The content of these short texts was dictated by the intentions and needs of their authors, reflecting their male self-image. It was influenced by the economic recession that also affected Poles, causing unemployment and radical decline in quality of life. Analysing the content and phrasing used, the article emphasises the unique character of the ads. They are a true product of their economic and financial times, where romanticism gives way to pragmatism, cold calculation and a strong need to improve one’s standard of living. Men adopt a practical approach towards themselves, their potential partner/spouse and living together. Those interested in marriage, or rather benefits related to it, employ a number of strategies. Most of them are direct, clearly stating that they need cash to start a business, buy a car or pay for a trip to Africa. Some men resort to writing sentimental and heart-breaking stories from their lives, hoping to find a well-off woman who could give them financial stability. However, those that look like typical ‘buy and sell’ ads seem to prevail.

Key words: personal ad, masculinity, sponsorship, Great Depression, press

Bibliografia

Araszkiewicz, Agata. Zapomniana rewolucja. Rozkwit kobiecego pisania w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym. Warszawa: Instytut Badań Literackich PAN, 2014.

Armengol, Josep M. „Embodying the depression. Male bodies in 1930s American culture and literature”. W: Embodying Masculinities. Towards a History of the Male Body in U.S. Culture and Literature, red. Josep M. Armengol. New York: Peter Lang, 2013.

Bourdieu, Pierre. Męska dominacja. Tłum. Lucyna Kopciewicz. Warszawa: Oficyna Naukowa, 2004.

Burzyńska-Kamieniecka, Anna. „W poszukiwaniu miłości idealnej. O wirtualnym odbiorcy prasowych ogłoszeń matrymonialnych”. Konteksty 1–2 (2004). http://www.ifp.uni.wroc.pl/data/files/pub-2156.pdf.

Janiak-Jasińska, Agnieszka. „O jakim mężu myślę? Oferta małżeńska kobiet i ich oczekiwania w świetle anonsów matrymonialnych z początku XIX wieku”. W: Kobieta i małżeństwo. Społeczno-kulturowe aspekty seksualności. Wiek XIX i XX, red. Anna Żarnowska, Andrzej Szwarc. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo DiG, 2004.

Łazor, Jerzy. „Wielki kryzys i jego skutki”. Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny. https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/artykul/wielki-kryzys-i-jego-skutki.

Marody, Mirosława, Anna Giza-Poleszczuk. „Być kobietą, być mężczyzną – czyli o przemianach tożsamości związanej z płcią we współczesnej Polsce”. W: Między rynkiem a etatem. Społeczne negocjowanie polskiej rzeczywistości, red. Mirosława Marody. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Scholar”, 2000.

Melosik, Zbyszko. „Mężczyzna znika z horyzontu?”. Czas Kultury 3 (2002).

Nasiłowska, Anna. „Mężczyzna ponowoczesny”. Teksty Drugie 2 (2015).

Orszulak-Dudkowska, Katarzyna. „Świat ogłoszeń matrymonialnych – poszukiwania i inspiracje”. Lud 88 (2004). http://cyfrowaetnografia.pl/Content/4723/Strony%20od%20LUD2004_t88-5_Orszulak.pdf.

Swoboda, Angelika. „Studentka szuka sponsora. Musi jej dawać 2,5 tysiąca miesięcznie na mieszkanie i drobne wydatki” Gazeta.pl. Weekend. https://weekend.gazeta.pl/weekend/1,152121,22265032,studentka-szuka-sponsora-musi-jej-dawac-2-5-tysiaca-miesiecznie.html.

Wotlińska, Anna. „Jaskiniowiec, brydżysta czy wilk morski. Międzywojenne refleksje na temat stuprocentowego mężczyzny”. W: Szklane domy. Wizje i praktyki modernizacji społecznych po roku 1918, red. Joanna Kordjak. Warszawa: Zachęta – Narodowa Galeria Sztuki, 2018.

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.14

Cesareo, Vicenzo, Italo Vaccarini. L’era del narcisismo [The Age of Narcissism]. Milano: Franco Angeli, 2012.

Di Gregorio, Luciano. La società dei selfie. Narcisismo e sentimento di sé nell’epoca dello smartphone [A Selfie Society. Narcissism and Self-feeling in the Age of the Smartphone]. Milano: Franco Angeli, 2017.

Greco, Stefano, Silvio Valota. Narciselfie. Il narcisismo esponenziale dell’epoca digitale [Narciselfie. The Exponential Narcissism of the Digital Age]. Lurago d’Erba: Edizioni Il Ciliegio, 2016.

Riva, Giuseppe. Selfie. Narcisismo e identità [Selfie. Narcissism and Identity]. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2016.

Serra, Michele. Ognuno potrebbe [Everyone Can]. Milano: Narratori Feltrinelli, 2015.

Key words: narcissism, narciselfie, Italian contemporary culture, homo civicus, community oriented

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.15

Maron, Marcin. Romantyzm i kino. Idee i wyobrażenia romantyczne w filmach polskich reżyserów z lat 1947–1990 [Romanticism and Cinema. Romantic Ideas in the Films of Polish Directors from 1947–1990]. Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS, 2019.

Key words: Romanticism, Polish cinema, cultural memory

doi.org/10.26112/kw.2020.108.16

Corbin, Alain. Historia ciszy i milczenia. Od renesansu do naszych dni [A History of Silence. From the Renaissance to the Present Day]. Tłum. Karolina Kot-Simon. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo „Aletheia”, 2019.

Key words: quiet, silence, loneliness, human being, existence